Technical security mechanisms in the existing frameworks were identified and critically examined based on its effectiveness in resolving privacy challenges. The analysis allows an understanding of contextual issues and privacy challenges. Existing security and privacy frameworks were chronologically analyzed on their respective techniques in safeguarding information. Information owners are incapable of exercising their rights to protect and control their information in the event of a privacy breach.

Numerous privacy breaches have raised the need for effective and robust information protection. Unauthorized information disclosure and misuse have been an ongoing challenge within a highly connected society. Information privacy has been a concern in the digital age. The social construction of 'hackers' as the principal focus of computer criminalization is explained by examining the specific characteristics of the victims, offenses, offenders, and law enforcement agencies within the scope of the larger computer and information technology revolution. These modern day 'electronic highwaymen' are innovative deviants who prey on the inherent vulnerabilities of our pioneering (and sometimes unpopular) communication and information corporations. In trying to explain this paradox, comparisons are made with earlier historical periods when highwaymen and train robbers were also viewed by law enforcement as criminals but considered by their peers as folk heroes. Yet, recent surveys of computer crime victims indicate that the typical computer criminal is an employee, not an outsider trying to 'hack' into the system.

In the last ten years (particularly among members of the law enforcement community), however, the concept has taken on an extremely negative connotation and is regularly used to refer to electronic vandals and computer criminals. In his book, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (Doubleday, 1984), Steven Levy documents the linguistic evolution of the word 'hacker.' He argues that among computer aficionados the term has been long used to express respect and admiration for another's superior computer programming expertise.

Stephen levy hackers